Application of Exact and Multi-Heuristic Approaches to a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design

Closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) are gaining popularity due to their efficiency in addressing economic, environmental, and social concerns. An important point ponder the distribution of CLSC is that imperfect refrigeration bad road conditions may result product non-conformance during transit thus such products be returned node. This hinder level customer satisfaction. paper presents a sustainable closed-loop chain framework coupled with cross-docking subject non-conformance. A cost model proposed investigate economic environmental aspects systems. The transportation analyzed terms total carbon emissions. set metaheuristics administered solve novel lower bound relax complexity model. results different size problems compared branch approach bound. indicate research framework, mathematical model, heuristic schemes can aid decision-makers context.